Kazakhstan vs Romania
Side-by-side comparison of Kazakhstan and Romania from official statistics: size, economy, people, trade, natural resources, health, infrastructure and military, with world ranks, years and sources.
Kazakhstan
Europe & Central Asia · nation age 561 years
Romania
Europe & Central Asia · nation age 696 years
In short
Kazakhstan scores 62.1 in the NationsTree Index (52nd in the world) and Romania scores 58.3 (60th), a gap of 3.8 points. Their trees are 19 m and 19 m tall; tree height grows with real GDP and is adjusted by the index.
Kazakhstan and Romania have a similar population. Kazakhstan is 11 times larger than Romania by land area. Kazakhstan and Romania have economies of similar size (GDP at purchasing power parity). Population: Kazakhstan 20.8 million and Romania 19.0 million (2025).
GDP per person at purchasing power parity is $50,895 in Romania and $44,293 in Kazakhstan (2025, international dollars). People in Romania live on average 1.9 years longer (76.5 vs 74.5 years).
Of 37 indicators reported by both countries, Kazakhstan ranks higher in the world on 14 and Romania on 23. Kazakhstan is clearly stronger in economy, land & people and natural resources. Romania is clearly stronger in military, institutions & safety and environment & energy.
As a nation, Romania is the older of the two (statehood since 1330, 696 years), compared with Kazakhstan (since 1465). Over the last five years Kazakhstan improved faster (direction score 62 vs 16 out of 100).
Where they differ most
The indicators with the biggest gap in world position between Kazakhstan and Romania.
Over time
How the two countries moved against each other, from the yearly data.
Kazakhstan overtook Romania in the NationsTree Index in 2024 and has stayed ahead since.
Kazakhstan overtook Romania in population in 2020 and has stayed ahead since.
Romania overtook Kazakhstan in GDP per person (PPP) in 2016 and has stayed ahead since.
Romania overtook Kazakhstan in GDP (PPP) in 2015 and has stayed ahead since.
Romania has been ahead of Kazakhstan in life expectancy in every year since 1990.
Strength by category
Average world percentile of the indicators in each category (0–100, direction taken into account). i
All indicators
Latest available value for each country with its year and world rank. Green: the better world position of the two, red: the weaker one.
| Indicator | ||
|---|---|---|
| Land & people | ||
| Surface area km² | 2,724,9029th/216 · 2024 | 238,39782nd/216 · 2024 |
| Land area km² | 2,699,7009th/216 · 2024 | 230,08081st/216 · 2024 |
| Population people | 20.8 m64th/217 · 2025 | 19.0 m67th/217 · 2025 |
| Population growth % | 1.21%87th/217 · 2025 | -0.17%186th/217 · 2025 |
| Population density people/km² | 7.6205th/216 · 2024 | 82.8121st/216 · 2024 |
| Urban population % | 62.4%119th/217 · 2025 | 52.2%150th/217 · 2025 |
| Population aged 0–14 % | 29.1%75th/217 · 2025 | 15.6%173rd/217 · 2025 |
| Population aged 65+ % | 9.0%107th/217 · 2025 | 20.1%38th/217 · 2025 |
| Economy | ||
| GDP USD | $306.24 bn49th/210 · 2025 | $428.68 bn38th/210 · 2025 |
| GDP (PPP) intl. USD | $923.24 bn36th/199 · 2025 | $968.04 bn34th/199 · 2025 |
| Real GDP (PPP, constant 2021 prices) intl. USD 2021 | $788.95 bn34th/199 · 2025 | $776.90 bn36th/199 · 2025 |
| GDP per person USD | $14,69289th/210 · 2025 | $22,53871st/210 · 2025 |
| GDP per person (PPP) intl. USD | $44,29361st/199 · 2025 | $50,89552nd/199 · 2025 |
| GNI per person (Atlas) USD | $13,74081st/201 · 2025 | $20,19066th/201 · 2025 |
| GDP growth % | 6.5%25th/210 · 2025 | 0.7%181st/210 · 2025 |
| Inflation % | 11.4%161st/180 · 2025 | 7.2%147th/180 · 2025 |
| Unemployment % | 4.8%81st/187 · 2025 | 6.0%112th/187 · 2025 |
| Central government debt % of GDP | 20.9%6th/55 · 2023 | — |
| General government gross debt % of GDP | 24.3%23rd/189 · 2025 | 60.4%116th/189 · 2025 |
| Government budget balance % of GDP | -3.1%110th/192 · 2025 | -7.6%177th/192 · 2025 |
| Main industries | ||
| Agriculture, forestry, fishing % of GDP | 3.7%117th/197 · 2025 | 3.0%128th/197 · 2025 |
| Industry incl. construction % of GDP | 32.3%44th/200 · 2025 | 25.3%81st/200 · 2025 |
| Manufacturing % of GDP | 12.7%68th/192 · 2025 | 11.8%80th/192 · 2025 |
| Services % of GDP | 57.7%99th/200 · 2025 | 61.7%73rd/200 · 2025 |
| Trade | ||
| Exports of goods & services USD | $92.07 bn51st/182 · 2024 | $152.11 bn39th/182 · 2025 |
| Imports of goods & services USD | $74.54 bn54th/182 · 2024 | $174.60 bn36th/182 · 2025 |
| Exports % of GDP | 31.6%106th/183 · 2024 | 35.5%93rd/183 · 2025 |
| Imports % of GDP | 25.6%149th/183 · 2024 | 40.7%100th/183 · 2025 |
| Trade openness % of GDP | 57.2%133rd/183 · 2024 | 76.2%105th/183 · 2025 |
| Fuel exports % of merchandise exports | 54.5%20th/170 · 2025 | 5.6%71st/170 · 2025 |
| Manufactures exports % of merchandise exports | 19.7%106th/171 · 2025 | 77.1%29th/171 · 2025 |
| Food exports % of merchandise exports | 8.9%119th/171 · 2025 | 13.0%100th/171 · 2025 |
| Ores & metals exports % of merchandise exports | 15.8%31st/171 · 2025 | 2.7%89th/171 · 2025 |
| High-tech exports % of manufactured exports | 42.2%11th/168 · 2024 | 13.4%52nd/168 · 2024 |
| Current account balance % of GDP | -4.1%132nd/191 · 2025 | -7.9%164th/191 · 2025 |
| Foreign direct investment, inflows % of GDP | -0.3%182nd/196 · 2025 | 2.2%96th/196 · 2025 |
| Natural resources | ||
| Natural resource rents % of GDP | 26.8%16th/209 · 2021 | 1.1%115th/209 · 2021 |
| Oil rents % of GDP | 14.84%16th/197 · 2021 | 0.38%59th/197 · 2021 |
| Natural gas rents % of GDP | 2.04%22nd/197 · 2021 | 0.53%37th/197 · 2021 |
| Coal rents % of GDP | 0.85%7th/195 · 2021 | 0.02%43rd/195 · 2021 |
| Mineral rents % of GDP | 9.10%14th/209 · 2021 | 0.03%78th/209 · 2021 |
| Forest rents % of GDP | 0.01%158th/209 · 2021 | 0.18%95th/209 · 2021 |
| Arable land % of land area | 11.3%92nd/206 · 2024 | 36.4%19th/206 · 2024 |
| Renewable freshwater per person m³ | 3,21279th/183 · 2022 | 2,22599th/183 · 2022 |
| Tourism | ||
| International tourist arrivals arrivals | 2.0 m64th/194 · 2020 | 5.0 m37th/194 · 2020 |
| Tourism receipts USD | $589.0 m90th/175 · 2020 | $1.61 bn58th/175 · 2020 |
| Tourism receipts % of exports | 1.2%149th/168 · 2020 | 1.7%136th/168 · 2020 |
| Outbound trips departures | 2.9 m41st/107 · 2020 | 9.5 m20th/107 · 2020 |
| Society & health | ||
| Life expectancy years | 74.5113th/217 · 2024 | 76.594th/217 · 2024 |
| Under-5 mortality per 1,000 births | 9.469th/196 · 2024 | 7.356th/196 · 2024 |
| Physicians per 1,000 people | 3.7537th/174 · 2023 | 3.6340th/174 · 2022 |
| Hospital beds per 1,000 people | 6.511th/145 · 2020 | 7.27th/145 · 2022 |
| DPT immunization % of children 12–23 months | 98%20th/193 · 2024 | 79%148th/193 · 2024 |
| Completed lower secondary, 25+ % of adults | 95.7%27th/153 · 2024 | 93.4%34th/153 · 2023 |
| Secondary enrolment % gross | 97.6%70th/173 · 2025 | 81.6%125th/173 · 2023 |
| Social protection coverage (incl. pensions) % of population | 57.3%23rd/55 · 2021 | 79.8%10th/55 · 2021 |
| Old-age dependency ratio % of working-age population | 14.6%101st/217 · 2025 | 31.3%35th/217 · 2025 |
| Health spending % of GDP | 3.8%160th/193 · 2023 | 5.7%112th/193 · 2023 |
| Adult literacy % | 99.7%2009 | 99.2%13th/98 · 2021 |
| Tertiary enrolment % gross | 52.9%75th/150 · 2025 | 55.2%68th/150 · 2023 |
| Human Development Index index 0–1 | 0.83760th/193 · 2023 | 0.84555th/193 · 2023 |
| Income inequality (Gini) index | 29.219th/108 · 2021 | 29.821st/108 · 2023 |
| Extreme poverty % of population | 0.0%1st/108 · 2021 | 0.7%40th/108 · 2023 |
| Infrastructure & digital | ||
| Access to electricity % of population | 100.0%1st/215 · 2024 | 100.0%1st/215 · 2024 |
| Safely managed drinking water % of population | 91.5%57th/150 · 2024 | 82.2%70th/150 · 2024 |
| Safely managed sanitation % of population | — | 89.8%39th/144 · 2024 |
| Internet users % of population | 93.4%39th/186 · 2024 | 91.3%48th/186 · 2024 |
| Mobile subscriptions per 100 people | 12765th/210 · 2024 | 12091st/210 · 2024 |
| Fixed broadband per 100 people | 15.3100th/208 · 2024 | 35.840th/208 · 2024 |
| Trade & transport infrastructure quality (LPI) score 1–5 | 2.5085th/164 · 2022 | 2.9058th/164 · 2022 |
| Rail lines route-km | 16,00614th/82 · 2021 | 10,76916th/82 · 2021 |
| Air passengers carried passengers | 11.9 m45th/161 · 2023 | 2.8 m72nd/161 · 2023 |
| Environment & energy | ||
| CO₂ emissions per person t CO₂e | 12.57188th/203 · 2024 | 3.72126th/203 · 2024 |
| Renewable energy % of final energy use | 2.0%179th/212 · 2021 | 23.6%97th/212 · 2021 |
| Air pollution (PM2.5) µg/m³ | 19.6113th/200 · 2023 | 16.092nd/200 · 2023 |
| Forest area % of land area | 1.3%194th/214 · 2024 | 30.2%112th/214 · 2024 |
| Energy use per person kg oil eq. | 3,61923rd/149 · 2024 | 1,59170th/149 · 2024 |
| Institutions & safety | ||
| Government effectiveness score 0–100 | 54.5101st/205 · 2025 | 59.973rd/205 · 2025 |
| Control of corruption score 0–100 | 42.8109th/207 · 2025 | 48.093rd/207 · 2025 |
| Rule of law score 0–100 | 51.9126th/207 · 2025 | 63.580th/207 · 2025 |
| Political stability score 0–100 | 62.0132nd/207 · 2025 | 69.298th/207 · 2025 |
| Regulatory quality score 0–100 | 55.991st/205 · 2025 | 60.174th/205 · 2025 |
| Voice & accountability score 0–100 | 40.1150th/205 · 2025 | 65.874th/205 · 2025 |
| Homicide rate per 100,000 | 2.679th/145 · 2022 | 1.146th/145 · 2023 |
| Military | ||
| Military expenditure USD | $1.31 bn78th/156 · 2025 | $9.73 bn33rd/156 · 2025 |
| Military expenditure % of GDP | 0.4%148th/156 · 2025 | 2.3%49th/156 · 2025 |
| Military expenditure % of government spending | 2.1%141st/154 · 2025 | 5.6%70th/154 · 2025 |
| Armed forces personnel people | 71,00059th/170 · 2020 | 128,00048th/170 · 2020 |
| Armed forces personnel % of labour force | 0.74%92nd/168 · 2020 | 1.52%41st/168 · 2020 |
| Arms imports (SIPRI TIV) TIV | 18.0 m95th/163 · 2025 | 421.0 m26th/163 · 2025 |
| Arms exports (SIPRI TIV) TIV | 6.0 m2006 | 132.0 m20th/65 · 2025 |
| Science & innovation | ||
| R&D spending % of GDP | 0.16%90th/110 · 2024 | 0.52%61st/110 · 2023 |
| Patent applications by residents applications | 84135th/137 · 2024 | 74737th/137 · 2024 |
| Scientific articles articles | 3,81964th/197 · 2023 | 10,71341st/197 · 2023 |
Questions and answers
Which has more people, Kazakhstan or Romania?
Kazakhstan has the larger population: 20.8 m (2025) compared with 19.0 m for Romania (2025). Source: World Bank, SP.POP.TOTL.
Which is bigger by area, Kazakhstan or Romania?
Kazakhstan is larger: 2,724,902 km² (2024) compared with 238,397 km² for Romania (2024). Source: World Bank, AG.SRF.TOTL.K2.
Which economy is larger, Kazakhstan or Romania?
Romania has the larger economy at purchasing power parity: $968.04 bn intl. (2025) compared with $923.24 bn intl. for Kazakhstan (2025). Source: World Bank, NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD.
Which is richer per person, Kazakhstan or Romania?
Romania has the higher GDP per person (PPP): $50,895 intl. (2025) compared with $44,293 intl. for Kazakhstan (2025). Source: World Bank, NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD.
Where do people live longer, in Kazakhstan or Romania?
Romania has the higher life expectancy at birth: 76.5 years (2024) compared with 74.5 years for Kazakhstan (2024). Source: World Bank, SP.DYN.LE00.IN.
Which spends more on the military, Kazakhstan or Romania?
Romania spends more on the military: $9.73 bn (2025) compared with $1.31 bn for Kazakhstan (2025). Source: World Bank, MS.MIL.XPND.CD.
Which ranks higher in the NationsTree Index, Kazakhstan or Romania?
Kazakhstan: 62.1 points (52nd in the world); Romania: 58.3 points (60th). The index combines foundations, economic strength, quality of life, problems and 5-year direction from public statistics.
Sources
World Bank World Development Indicators and Worldwide Governance Indicators, compiling UN agencies, the IMF, WHO, SIPRI and national statistical offices; every row links to its world ranking with the source series. See Sources & licences and Methodology.
Cite as: NationsTree (2026). Kazakhstan vs Romania — country comparison. https://nationstree.org/compare/kazakhstan-vs-romania. Data as of 26 October 2026.